An event that occurs earlier can be considered to cause one that is later, it there is time. Science may be able to explain how one event can cause another. Usually, there are several possible causes and several possible effects. Causation is sometimes attributed to an earlier event that is merely associated: by accident, by coincidence, in parallel or by deception.The earliest or original cause may be called the ‘motive’.

Teleology is the philosophy of explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes. Thus causes may be considered in simultaneity with effects.

In the crime fiction novel Presumed Dead, causes and effects are deduced and chains of hypotheses reconstructed.

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